Sunflower Incorporated management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sunflower Incorporated management - Essay Example Brands such as Frito-Lay, Nabisco, Pringles, Borden’s and Planters are determined to increase their market share through renewed marketing strategies of their products (Cummings and Worley 239). These imminent dangers to the company propelled the president of Sunflower, Mr. Joe Steelman, to pirate Agnes Albanese from a competitor. The new position of Director of Pricing and Purchasing was created specifically for her. Her direct superior was Mr. Mobley, the Vice President for Finance. The president and Mr. Mobley both gave her freedom in her position and to create rules and procedures as she sees fit. Her position as a new top executive of the company necessitated coordination with each region and this was made known to all concerned personnel for compliance. Less than a month from taking on the job, Albanese implemented a number of new policies that every region must comply with toward a standardized system for all regions. These changes are, first, financial executives must notify her of more than 3% changes in local pricing, second, contracts amounting to more than $5,000 must first be cleared by her office. Though the latter rule is in fact inoperable since majority of the items are bought in bulk and distributed from the head office and only 40% are from within each region. These guidelines, she decided, were to be sent to the regional executives through email and shall be implemented immediately and thereafter be included in the company’s policies within four months (ibid 240). Haphazard Changes The major mistake that Albanese committed is in coming up with new procedures without proper diagnosis of the needs of the company and... Sunflower Incorporated is primarily a distribution company which purchases salty snack and liquor and supplies it to various retail stores in the United States and Canada. The company has had an established system focusing on geographical location as its main consideration. The main unit of Sunflower has given its branches ample leeway in terms of autonomy since each location consists of a varied demand correlative to the predisposition of the consumers of their given area. Understandably, each region consumes a greater amount of one product over another. Where whisky and bourbon is a major demand in the northeast part of the United States, vodka, gin and rum is popular in the West while Mexican taste is replicated in the snacks distributed to the southwest. The company in its outlets in the two countries is divided into 22 regions where each has an independent finance department, purchasing department, sales team and a central warehouse. The signs were clear early on but Agnes Albanese opted to disregard them and instead obstinately carried on a plan which lacks procedural and substantive purpose. She acted as though time was not on her side and executed changes that are ill-fitting to the organization as it stands. She took the liberty given to her by the highest ranking executives of the company and despite the cautionary advice of her superior, Albanese proceeded with her plan instantaneously. There was no proper evaluation of all surrounding conditions nor was there a concrete plan of action that everyone is on the same page. Evidently, it is easier to say yes on email than to argue with the computer.

Gileadean regime Essay Example for Free

Gileadean regime Essay Explore the way in which Margaret Atwood presents Moira The Handmaids Tale. Refer closely to any literary and linguistic approaches where necessary. Within The Handmaids Tale Atwood presents us with many characters that are emotionally weak; Janine, Offred and even the Commander residing in the higher echelons of society all possess a deprivation of spirit brought about by the oppressive and restrictive nature of the Gileadean regime. In contrast to this we are presented with Moira and through her Atwood is able to create tension, conflict and a rebelliousness that is otherwise only seen in the recollections of Offreds mother. Moira acts as a representative for independence and liberty in the novel, she defies her oppressors and is seen by Offred as a role model that she finds impossible to aspire to. Moira constantly battles the status quo; she parades her lesbianism and manages on two occasions to defeat the system at the disgrace of the much-hated Aunts. She is confidant in both manner and speech. Dont move said Moira or Ill stick it all the way in The boldness of this imperative paired with the violent connotations attached to the  verb stick gives Moira the sinister tone she needs to intimidate Aunt Elizabeth. Moira is portrayed as an activist, she does not merely contemplate the possibilities of freedom as Offred does and Offred recognizes this with dissatisfaction as she muses the prospect of what she can do with the fan that she has been given. If I were Moira I would know how tot take it apart, reduce it to its cutting edges. I have no screwdriver but if I were Moira I could do it without a screwdriver. Im not Moira. This quote clearly outlines the practical nature of Moira juxtapositioned with the more theoretical approach that we would associate with Offred who loathes herself for it. The syntactic parallelism If I were Moira but if I were Moira points to the irony that Moira, in the same situation as Offred could use the fan to aid her escape. When we first learn of Moiras disappearance in chapter 22 we are not fully informed as to the details of her flight; the thought of Moiras freedom made the other Handmaids feel dizzy. Atwood purposely withholds this information to let the reader share in this feeling of suspense; the mystery surrounding Moira at this point  enhances her charisma. Offred recalls the Handmaids feeling a sense of victory over the aunts; Moira had shown that they could be defeated and so easily too, through Moiras actions the Aunts power was diminished. Having belittled the enemy she is seen to have great power, Offred refers to her as a loose woman a clichi connoting sexual freedom but cleverly a second implication of the characters unbridled power now that she is free. When Moira escapes, the future seems to hold promise for the Handmaids. The thought of what Moira could do now that she is free gives them a sense of presence, a  pressure reaching its climatic point. Moira was like an elevator with open sides. She made us dizzy This simile poses threat and the sense of freedom that Moiras escape gives the other women. Much of Moiras character is revealed to us through direct speech; This is a loony bin, Moira said. Im so glad to see you, I said Where can we talk? said Moira. The used of direct address here brings the reader closer to the story and builds tension and suspense through the feeling that they are present at the time of conversation. The colloquialism loony-bin reveals that Moira is a non-conformist; Atwood  creatively uses her as a reminiscence of the time before. Moiras interrogative response Where can we talk? conveys that Moira does not linger over sentimentalities as Offred would; it shows that she is active rather than passive. The clipped syntax reflects the rushed exchange of spoken discourse giving a nervous quality to both characters and reminding the reader of the volatile situation that the Handmaids are in. Moira is incredibly blas throughout the novel; her nonchalance shows even in her response to working at Jezebels which will lead to an impending death in the Colonies. Youd have three or four good years before your snatch wears out and they send you to the bone-yard. The vulgarity of the expletive snatch corresponding with the verb wears describes the female body in a manufactured way, dispensable for male pleasure and just as easily disposed of. It is this taboo language that Atwood uses to familiarize us with Moira. Her reference to the Colonies as the bone-yard is further evidence of Moiras ability to perceive things in a brutally realistic way. The fact that she is graphically aware of the inevitable doom she faces and does not react over-  sentimentally show Moiras unwavering courage. When Offred reflect on her student life in the time before we see that Moiras attitude to sex was then just as relaxed and liberal as it is under the Gileadean rule Im giving an under-whore party Tarts stuff, lace crotches, snap garters. Bras that push your tits up Here the three-part list indicates the casual attitude that Moira has towards sex, she is comfortable with her sexuality and her taboo language reflects this. The portmanteau under-whore adds humour to Moiras character and so contrasts with the present  where humour is essentially forbidden. Moira is irreverent and shows contempt to every aspect of injustice; Camaraderie shit How much do you want to bet shes got Janine down on her knees I bet she got her working away on that dried up, hairy old withered This quote is evidence of Moiras iconoclastic beliefs; there is a linguistic shock between the positive noun Camaraderie and the negative expletive noun shit. This shows the complete disrespect that Moira has for those who blindly follow the theocratic regime. Offred sees her irreverence as a source of power. There is something in the whispering of obscenities about those in power it deflates them, reduces them to the common denominator where they can be dealt with. Here Atwood uses visual language comparing those in power to something that can be deflated. This gives connotations of a balloon filled with air and its course is therefore precarious and fickle as to where it could blow. This is allegorical to the regime; Atwood makes the point that wherever there is oppression there is unavoidable rebellion. Moira sees through all aspects of the regime with explicit cynicism, in Jezebels she  analyses the actions of all the men in power with insulting accuracy. Its like screwing on the altar, your gang are supposed to be such chaste vessels they like to see you all painted up. Just another crummy power trip The pre-modifier crummy reduces the Commanders who perceive themselves as omnipotent to mere perverts. The use of the expletive screwing is further evidence of Moiras iconoclastic views. The use of the collective noun all painted up reduces the Commanders desires to petit and perverse, there is a linguistic shock to aid Moiras criticism in the antithesis of screwing and chaste vessels. Through Moira Atwood reminds us that Jezebels is a prescribed reality for those in power. The architects of this new society who claim their actions were to protect women from the world by eradicating pornography and prostitution are now seen as absolute hypocrites. Jezebels exposes the hypocrisy of the men who prate about sexual morality and then spend their evenings sleeping with prostitutes in a club, purpose built. The most poignant aspect of the novel is realised through the change in Moira. In their last encounter Offred learns that the spirit of both Moira and her mother, both  figures of transgression and resistance in the Handmaids life, have been broken. Throughout the novel, Atwood has set up a heroine in the eyes of both the Handmaid and the reader who believe that if there is to be a fortunate end to this grim tale then it will be accomplished through Moira. In their last meeting at Jezebels we disappointingly realise that this is not so; She is frightening me now because what I hear in her voice is indifference and a lack of volition. It is the abstract nouns indifference and volition that indicate the chance in Moira, the woman who, in times of need, Offred looked to as a source of hope has now become just like her, instead of embodying defiance Moira now embodies Gileads ability to crush even the strongest of spirits. I dont want to be like her as far as something I lack. Give in, go along, save her skin I want swash-buckling heroism from her, single handed combat. Something I lack. This three-part syndetic list describes Offred who has romanticised and projected on to Moira the qualities she wished she possessed and is here, along with the reader, sorely mistaken. I dont know how she ended Because I never saw her again What has happened to Moira is an anticlimax; we do not expect to be left unknowing, the novel now seems closer to real life than fiction and this brings the starkness of Offreds reality to the readers attention. Moiras spiritual demise and erasure is an elaboration of the full force of oppression Margaret Atwood presents us with, once a courageous, outspoken woman has become a despondent pessimist with no hope of escaping Gilead. It is this change in Moira that makes us realise the true awfulness of the situation so many women in the novel are in.

Organizational Development and Leadership Program Essay -- theory of ch

The journey of Gestalt consulting proved to be very insightful and enlightening. I initially worried that I would not be able to apply the Gestalt style of learning to my professional repertoire within organizational development (OD). However, the outcome was the exact opposite and Gestalt has truly been a useful OD tool acquired. What astounded me most was the chemistry and relevance to the skill that I was motivated to strengthen the most which is use of self. Concepts such as the paradoxical theory of change, cycle of experience, developing themes and polarities, and the unit of work all incorporate the use of self as a sufficient way of paying attention to and selectively sharing observations about what is happening in another person, a group, and an organization. Additionally these concepts were used to illuminate the path through resistance. According to Carlson and Sklarew (1995), â€Å"work is grounded in a whole system and multiple levels of system perspective, paradoxical theory of change, and an appreciation for the power of phenomenological experience.† (p. 3). During the class sessions we were introduced to the levels of system perspective. These include: intrapersonal, interpersonal, dyad or triad, and group level. These levels are defined by their boundaries. For example, the boundary in an interpersonal system is an individual exchanging with another individual and it is essential to note the exchange between the two. In my first case study I was able to illustrate the level of the system I observed which was an interpersonal system between me and my colleague, Angelo Martez. A boundary existed between he and I and communication was proven to be essential to make the exchange. Carlson and Sklarew (1995) also state that... ...tion itself. The most significant observation of gestalt consulting to me is that the process allows and requires both sides of the brain to be used. Observations can be intellectually made and interpreted, however those observations can be furthermore illustrated creatively to provide a visualize representation. Perhaps there can be a polarity framed in reference to my learning journey through gestalt: â€Å"I observe that through my learning I was able to combine intellect with creativity just as two irrelevant colors can combine to introduce a beautiful new color. Works Cited Nevis, E. C. (1987). Organizational Consulting: A Gestalt Approach. New York, NY: Gardner Press Sklarew, N. & Carlson. (1995). ODL 530G: Gestalt Consulting Skills. [Class handout]. Organizational Development and Leadership Program, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine. Georgia, USA.

Draft Letter Going to War in Vietnam Essay

It was a very hot and humid day. I will never forget that awful day. I just had gotten home from work; the traffic that day was horrible. The mail was in top of my dining room table, and there it was on top of all the mail, the only thing o saw on the envelope was draft and I was the addressee. My reaction was â€Å"Oh My God†, my heart was pounding very heart it felt like it was about to jump out of my chest, my ears were burning. All I could think was that we are told that we are helping people and fighting for our freedom. Instead innocent people are being killed; I have lost most of my freedom. What options do I have, leave the country, or hide for the rest of your life. Or go to war not only means serving your country, but helping people along the way. What were my advantages or disadvantages? None of those options were good, at that point I was in shock, and I just could not believe that this was happening to me, till this day I do not remember ever opening that letter. The advantage I saw was, if I went to war the money I will be getting. With that money I could help my family, have a better future, and it can help me open a lot of doors. The disadvantage is that I can get killed, injured, my family would be devastated, but at the same time they would feel proud. To some, including me the Vietnam War was a crime, an attempt by the United States to suppress a heroic Vietnamese national liberation movement that had driven French colonialism out of its country. To others, the Vietnam War was a forfeit, a just war needlessly lost by timid policymakers and a biased media. For many including myself, the Vietnam War was a tragic mistake brought about by U.S. leaders who exaggerated the influence of communism and underestimated the power of nationalism. Another advantage would be that I would come back as a hero, either alive or in a box. I will still be considered a hero, that is, if I live in a community that is very patriotic. But in my case I do not live in a community like that. The disadvantage would be that my community would not even know that I have gone to war. All I could think was that the draft discriminated against the poor, the less educated and ethnic minorities. Many of us were drafted into the Army against our will nearly all of us are kept in its grasp against our will all in order to carry out this illegal, immoral, and unjust war. We are forced to fight and die in a war we did not create and in which we don’t believe. There are advantages and disadvantages in every war that can either be minute details or change the whole course of war. I would go to war even knowing that I may get killed, injured. Morally is the right thing to do. As a citizen we have a duty to this country whether or not we believe in the cause of war. Initially, people going to Vietnam bought the domino theory. They willingly went because they were defending freedom and democracy and the American way, those who were sent to Vietnam knew that they did not have the support of the American people, knew that they were there in support of a failed policy, and knew that they were not defending freedom or democracy, but were pawns in an ongoing political struggle. My conclusion after writing this is that never think for a moment that you are the only one side that is suffering you might be physically safe from the effects of war. But war is an insidious enemy and all the more damaging when it is implications reach you, others through a dead and suffering.

Meeting the needs of all learners Essay

I always attempt my best to maintain an environment where all learners are engaged in the process of learning. As a precaution, I always obtain details of the learners as much as possible before I start to teach them. This helps to obtain a very good idea about the nature of learners and their needs. Key elements of inclusive learning are identified as â€Å"including all learners in learning together, multi-level, authentic instruction for learners of diverse abilities, building community and meet the needs of children with behavioural challenges, providing support for teachers, maintaining a good relationship with parents/carers and be careful and thoughtful in decision-making and leadership and empowerment†. As a teacher I always try to provide a maximum opportunity for all my learners by considering their individual needs. For example, visually impaired students get a seat closer to the whiteboard and I am willing to wear an electronic device to help students who have any impairment in hearing. Direct and indirect discrimination are always challenged immediately and learners of all levels of abilities and all ethnic backgrounds are treated equally according to the best of my ability. Some learners might need extra support in assessment processes and it should be provided. For example some learners are eligible to use a reader or a scribe in examinations. These needs must be addressed as a teacher as learners may not always demand for these rights. However, I have some limitations as a teacher in maintaining an inclusive classroom environment. For instance, I do not know the sign language and I need to improve my knowledge on certain special and learning needs although I have some knowledge on the most common needs and how to support them in a learning environment. However, I am always willing to obtain support from other professionals in situations where I feel that help can be of help for a learner to progress. Therefore, I conclude my inclusive teaching practice as an effective approach and I am constantly trying to improve it to help the learners better. Analyse ways to improve own practice in using learning and teaching approaches to meet the needs of all learners. As I am always looking for opportunities for improve myself as a professional, I have set some goals for myself to be achieved in the time to come. Some of them are related to my personal development and others are to improve my professional development and teaching abilities. Moreover, some targets are for improving my qualifications. As inclusive practice involves many different types of learners I need to make myself prepared for a range of learners to accommodate the needs of all students. I could learn the sign language and make myself familiar with the needs and behaviour of learners with special and learning needs although I have some knowledge and experience at the moment. I believe this is a very important task as 5.4% of all undergraduate students in the United Kingdom have self-assessed them as having some sort of an impairment in a survey conducted in 2005 (Adams and Brown, 2006:2). Personally, I did not have much exposure to work with learners with special needs or learn ing needs during the first 6 years of my teaching career in Sri Lanka as the process of recognizing learners with needs is not specific enough in Sri Lanka when compared to the United Kingdom. When I think back about my school time (1989-2001), I can clearly think of some fellow students who were with us without any special support but I now realise that they probably had some special learning needs. Unfortunately, there were a set of students who were unable to read or write properly even when they were close to the GCE(Ordinary Level) examination and they were not given any support and they failed almost in all subjects and dropped out from the school. Because of my lack of experience in the childhood, I was unable to identify students with learning needs in the first few years of my teaching career. I gained that ability after exposing myself to teaching in the United Kingdom during the past 4 years and I am still working on improving that knowledge. Teaching resources and different approaches of teaching have always been an interest for me and it is a hobby of mine to collect teaching resources and I have a considerably good collection of books and soft copies. However, I am still working on collecting more resources and improving them to make them more inclusive and helpful for all learners. My professional connections and the relationship with the fellow practitioners are quite good. Moreover, I read books and other materials to understand the mind-set of different learners and I expect this to be an advantage for me to understand and liaise better with  the learners who obtain my service. I believe that these improvements can be of enormous help for me to be a better teaching professional and I believe this as an on-going process.

Understanding Electrical, Thermal, and Sound Conductors

Understanding Electrical, Thermal, and Sound Conductors In science, a conductor is a material which permits a flow of energy. A material which allows the flow of charged particles is an electrical conductor. A material which enables the transfer of thermal energy is a thermal conductor or heat conductor. Although electrical and thermal conductivity is most common, other types of energy may be transferred. For example, a material that allows the passage of sound is a sonic conductor  (sonic conductance relates to fluid flow in engineering). Electrical Conductors Electrical conductors transmit electrical charge in one or more directions. Any charged particle may be transmitted, but its much more common for electrons to move than protons, since electrons surround atoms, while protons are usually bound within the nucleus. Either positive or negative charged ions also can transfer charge, as in sea water. Charged subatomic particles may also move through certain materials. How well a given material allows charge flow depends not only on its composition but also on its dimensions. A thick copper wire is a better conductor than a thin one; a short wire conducts better than a long one. Opposition to the flow of charge is called electrical resistance. Most metals are electrical conductors. Some examples of excellent electrical conductors are: SilverGoldCopperSeawaterSteelGraphite Examples of electrical insulators include: GlassMost PlasticsPure Water Thermal Conductors Most metals are also excellent thermal conductors. Thermal conductivity is heat transfer. This occurs when subatomic particles, atoms, or molecules gain kinetic energy and collide with each other. Thermal conduction always moves in the direction of highest to lowest heat (hot to cold) and depends not only on the nature of the material but also on the temperature difference between them. Although thermal conductivity occurs in all states of matter, it is greatest in solids because particles are packed more closely together than in liquids or gases.   Examples of good thermal conductors include: SteelMercuryConcreteGranite Examples of thermal insulators include: WoolSilkMost PlasticsInsulationFeathersAirWater Sound Conductors Transmission of sound through a material depends on the density of the matter because sound waves require a medium to travel. So, higher density substances are better sound conductors than low-density materials. A vacuum cannot transfer sound at all. Examples of good sound conductors include: LeadSteelConcrete Examples of poor sound conductors would be: FeathersAirCardboard   Conductor vs. Insulator While a conductor transmits energy, an insulator slows or stops its passage. A material can be both a conductor and an insulator at the same time, for different forms of energy. For example, most diamonds conduct heat exceptionally well, yet they are electrical insulators. Metals conduct heat, electricity, and sound.

Elizas transformation Essays - Pygmalion, English-language Films

Eliza's transformation Essays - Pygmalion, English-language Films Eliza's transformation Eliza?s Transformation In the play Pygmalion by George Shaw, Eliza experiences a type of transformation. Before Eliza first encountered Mr. Higgins, she was a dirty, improper, poor young girl. During her time with both Mr. Higgins and Colonel Pickering, Eliza did change. Her change seems so go in somewhat of a cycle, however. For the fist few weeks of her stay she questioned everything that Higgins asked her to do. She simply was unable to see how they would help her. Later, Eliza begins to understand that even though Higgins? ways are so harsh, he is doing his best to teach her and he deserves some cooperation. After the ambassador's ball, we see more of the old Eliza because her task is finished. She starts to worry again, and since she has grown attached to Higgins and Pickering, she is so upset that they still see her as something of little value. Eliza?s upper-class speech and manners can be observed, but her inner confidence is what changes the most. In the beginning of Higgins's study, Eliza feels that she has to impress Higgins by making sure he knows that she arrived in a taxi. Eliza does not understand Higgins? personality at first and feels like he is being specifically mean to her. During her lessons, Eliza is worked so hard she begins to regret allowing herself to put up with Higgins as a teacher. Her hatred towards the man disappears a little bit when she realizes that she can only accomplish her dream of working as a lady in a flower shop if he is shapes her into a lady. She tried to hide the anger built up because of Higgins and think of him as more of a friend. She does not realized at first that Higgins takes pride in his work and not his student. She soon realized that Higgins? investment in her was merely a tool used to enhance Higgins reputation in society. Higgins showed no appreciation towards Eliza as he repeatedly boasted about his success, and he not once acknowledged her. Higgins was able to transform Eliza i nto a lady, but what he did not realized was that he had slowly been making Eliza a stronger person. During the process, his constant beating on Eliza made her realize that she did not deserve his disrespect. She begins to stand up for herself and believe in her worth. This is illustrated in Eliza's throwing the slippers at Higgins. Eliza finally stands up to Higgins and does it in a bold way. Higgins was able to change Eliza. Originally she was an innocent girl trying to stay alive. Higgins through the introduction to a proper life-style had altered Eliza's way of thinking. It was good for Eliza to become stronger as she did. At the end of the play, she becomes overpowering to Higgins, her beauty becomes irresistible as Higgins realizes that she is leaving. It took the threat of Eliza leaving for him to see his true feelings towards her. Eliza?s strength is shown the most when she is finally able to leave Higgins. She shows that she is able to take care of herself and does not need Higgins? superficial changes to survive.

What Happens If I Miss My AP Exam

What Happens If I Miss My AP Exam SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Sometimes life happens, and you end up missing an AP test. Naturally, since the tests are expensive and you want to take them while the material is still fresh in your mind, you may want to make up the exam. In this article, I’ll go over what to do if you know in advance you won’t make the test, what to do in an emergency, how AP late testing works, and situations where you might not be able to make up the test- and what to do about it. What to Do When You Know In Advance You'll Miss the Test There are a variety of reasons that you may find that the exam you signed up for a few months ago conflicts with something you can’t avoid. As soon as you realize you mayhave a conflict with the exam, you will need to get in touch with your school’s AP coordinator to discuss AP late testing. They will let you know if the test can be made up and how, when, and where it will happen. If you do not know who your AP coordinator is, ask someone in the school office or a guidance counselor. Your school may also have some kind of designated process for requesting late testing that someone in the main office can tell you about. For making up tests when you know about the conflict in advance, there are two scenarios: the College Board deems your conflict either "unavoidable" or "avoidable." Unavoidable Conflicts For those conflicts which the College Board deems â€Å"unavoidable,† they will allow you to take the make-up exam for free. Unavoidable conflicts include: You are taking two AP exams that are scheduled for the same time slot, or you are taking three or more AP exams that are scheduled for the same day. Check the 2016 schedule to see if this is you. You have an IB exam, or a state or national exam, the same day. Scheduling issues with the language lab at your school (this would primarily be a problem for foreign language exams). It is a religious holiday. The school is closed for an election or a national holiday. There is an issue with your disability accommodations (that you know about in advance). Sorry I couldn't make my AP exam; I was busy hatching. Avoidable Conflicts For other conflicts, which the College Board views as â€Å"avoidable,† you will be allowed to take the exam later, but you will need to pay a fee of $45. This fee is waived for those who qualify for financial assistance. Avoidable conflicts include: You have an academic event or meet (e.g. a quiz bowl or math team competition). You have a sports meet or game that conflicts with the exam. You have an exam for a class the same day. In this situation it may make more sense to arrange to take the class exam at a different time if you can instead of taking a late AP test. Your school makes a mistake when ordering the exam. (For example, they do not order enough copies for everyone who registered.) In this case your school will likely cover the fee. It is a school holiday (pre-planned, not a national holiday, and not an emergency). You have a family commitment. If you are not sure if your conflict qualifies you to take a late exam, discuss it with your AP coordinator. They will be the one who ultimately coordinates all late testing for your school. You can also call the College Board to discuss scheduling issues at (212) 632-1781 or (877) 274-6474 (the second number is toll-free in USA and Canada). But what if you miss your exam unexpectedly, in spite of your best-laid plans? This fire extinguisher just realized she missed her exam. What to DoWhen Something Unexpected Comes Up There may be situations when you have a sudden emergency and cannot make the exam. In this case,you should let your school’s AP exam coordinator know as soon as possible so they can coordinate your make-up examthe coordinator is the person who will order all late exams for your school, so it is up to them to decide if you will be allowed to take a make-up exam. Should they allowit, they will let you know when, where, and how to take the late exam. The College Board will not charge you for a late exam due to an emergency. Potential emergencies include: An unforeseen issue with your disability accommodations. A bomb scare or fire alarm at your school. A natural disaster. A labor strike at your school. A family tragedy. A serious injury or illness If you just have the sniffles, you may want to just bring a box of tissues. If you have a splitting headache, a sore throat, and can’t talk, consider skipping your exam and going to the doctor (to get a note). Late exams are a pain, but you also don’t want to get a 2 instead of a 4 because you feel light-headed and nauseated the whole time. But what if you miss the exam for a non-emergency reason? Decisions on all make-up exams are up to the school AP exam coordinator. So whether you slept through your alarm, or your little sister threw the entire contents of your backpack into the trash, or you got in a fender bender on your way to school, take your case to the exam coordinator. If they say no, it’s not awesome, but it’s also not the most horrible thing in the world. If they say yes, great! Read on to know what to expect when you make up your test. What Happens When You Make Up the Exam? The College Board has designated late testing dates for AP exams. If you can’t take it the first go-round, you will take it on the designated make-up day. Note that barring some highly unusual circumstances, once you open your AP exam you are no longer eligible for late testing. So unfortunately, if you toss your cookies in the middle of the test, you won’t be able to make it up later. Note that you will be taking an alternate form of the test. This is so that students who take late exams won’t be able to get any information on the exam content from their classmates. Other than that, the experience will be similar to any other AP test. You can check out the AP late testing schedule for 2016 at the College Board. The AP late testing dates for 2016 are May 17, 18, and 19. What IfYou Can’t Make Up the Exam? As mentioned, whether or not you can make up your exam is primarily up to your AP exam coordinator, who requests the make-up exams through the College Board. They may allow you to make up your exam even if you do something like sleep through your alarm or forget about your test and go to your regular class. However, you can’t count on that, so don’t be like this person who went back to her house because she forgot a pen and then decided to try an alternate route to the school (someone will loan you a pen if you forget it!) Pack your bag with everything you need the night before and leave for school early. If worst comes to worst and you miss the exam (and can’t make it up), your hopes and dreams are not dead. You will probably be out the ninety bucks you paid for the exam (although you may be able to negotiate that with your school’s exam coordinator) but it won’t appear on a score report or anything. No one will know you missed the exam, and colleges don’t necessarily expect that you will take the AP exam for every AP-level class you take. If you still want the college credit or the score, you can take the test next year, although you will probably have to put in some serious study time to remember everything. Key Takeaways on Late Testing Missing AP exams happens. As soon as you realize you have a conflict, or an emergency on test day, get in touch with your school’s AP exam coordinator. If you don’t know who that is, it may be in your best interest to find out now! If you are allowed to make up the test, you will take an alternate form a couple of weeks after the regularly scheduled exam.If you can’t make it up, the exam won’t show up on your score report. Go forth and conquer, noble AP adventurers! What's Next? Do you have a conflict with your SAT test date? Here's how to cancel your registration, and a guide to getting an alternative test date for your SAT. What about a conflict with your ACT test date? See our guide to cancelingyour ACT registration. If you're trying to decide between focusing on AP exams or SAT subject tests, see our expert guide on which is more important. Want to improve your SAT score by 160points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Reply2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reply2 - Essay Example For example, Adolescents Training and Learning to Avoid Steroids (ATLAS) has received numerous awards for delaying the age of drinking and reducing alcohol abuse, as well as reducing the number of substance-related consequences and experiences (Goldberg et al., 2000). In essence, ATLAS provides adolescents with healthy sports nutrition, which provide a strength-building alternative to illegal drugs, alcohol, and other harmful substances. I would like to add that community health nurses integrate community knowledge and involvement concerning a population on three levels: clinical understanding of the illness experience of individual patients, personal understanding, and the families in the population (Hebda & Czar, 2013). The community health nurses communicate the illness and health experiences of individuals and families in vulnerable populations, and educate members of the target community to express their health issues. Most importantly, the nurses pass down their knowledge from health studies to individuals and vulnerable groups through advocacy, programs, and other interventions. Sex education, birth control, conflict resolution, and anger management programs are very important. In most schools, they fall under the peer counselor’s office. Perhaps high schools and education bodies should consult community health nurses while developing their guidance and counselling models. According to Border & Drury (1992), school counselling interventions considerably influence student’s personal and educational development. The idea of consulting CDC. American Association and the Florida government is brilliant. This will ensure that the programs and interventions are synced with statewide efforts to prevent substance abuse, violence, and pregnancy in high school students. Goldberg, L. et al. (2000). The adolescents training and learning to avoid steroids program: Preventing use and promoting health behaviors. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent

Western Cultural Influence on Japanese Artistry Essay

Western Cultural Influence on Japanese Artistry - Essay Example Between the Meiji Restoration in the latter half of the 19th century and the Taisho Era prior to the First World War, Japanese culture was significantly changed due to Western influence and the styles of traditional Japanese art were changed or largely abandoned for Western artistic techniques. During the period of Japanese isolation, artists were inspired to draw from their own cultural history and to create artwork based on the development of traditional techniques. Their work was heavily influenced by religious beliefs such as Buddhism and the Yoga lifestyle; after Western cultures were introduced to the nation, artists would study abroad and bring home classic European techniques such as impressionism, post-impressionism and eclecticism that would both stand alone and change the traditional Japanese techniques into new styles. During the early years of Western perception of Japanese art, many traditional styles were viewed as identical, due simply to the fact that European and North American audiences were not accustomed to them (Tipton, pp.53-55). While post-war Japan would be indisputably influenced by international cultures, it was the years of the Meiji Restoration and the Taisho era that started the artistic shift from traditional Japanese to modern Western styles. ... Aside from sculpting Buddhas and the development of early ceramic techniques that would become invaluable throughout the world, Japanese artists took quite easily to painting as a major form of art. The fact that calligraphy was in itself an art form, rendered not only for function but for beauty, had a direct hand in the large-scale development of Japanese painting because both involved the use of a brush. Brush skills were such a rudimentary part of Japanese life that it was second nature for artists to pick up a paintbrush and work on complete pictures instead of just characters. Because of this initial correlation between calligraphy and painting, one can easily see how the latter developed from the former. Japanese painting has traditionally utilized the same brush techniques as were necessary for the formation of calligraphy characters; these were further developed however the origins of such painting techniques can easily be discerned. Where traditional European painting was characterized by the use of the paintbrush to show objects in realistic form by making use of light and shading, Japanese painting formed as an offshoot of calligraphy and therefore objects were portrayed in a basic style that used individual lines in a form of impressionism. Artwork in the Edo Period, immediately prior to the Meija era, encompassed not only painting and ceramics, but architecture and woodblock prints. Stunning architectural styles were not only beautiful when standing alone, but they were created in conjunction with various gardens that were designed to showcase the buildings in the best light. Traditional Japanese architecture is internationally famed alongside the country's ceramics, silk weaving and other art forms, but perhaps most unique

The function of lunges Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The function of lunges - Essay Example The bronchi further subdivide into bronchioles that divide even further into air sacs known as alveoli. Once inside the alveoli, air penetrates through a remarkably thin and wet membrane into the blood capillaries. Hemoglobin is the blood component that carries carbon dioxide from the heart. It releases it for exhalation in a backward process through the bronchioles, bronchi trachea and out through the nostrils. Oxygen present in the fresh air binds itself on the surface of hemoglobin and is transported to the heart for pumping to the other parts of the body. With oxygen supplied and carbon dioxide released, the gaseous exchange process is complete, which is the main function of the lungs (Hlastala and Albert 39). The lungs provide protection for the heart. The lungs are huge compared to all the other organs located in the chest cavity. They are made up of soft tissue and from their location on each side of the chest; they offer protection to the heart and other organs such as the arteries. Their soft tissue cushions the heart and acts as a shock absorber (Chiras 76). Lungs are fairly large with the human lungs ranging between ten and twelve inches. They can hold up to four hundred and fifty milliliters of blood. That is about nine percent of the all the blood circulating in the body. The lungs act as a reservoir from where blood is drawn to compensate for the blood lost through hemorrhage (Chiras 76). The lungs prevent the body from air-borne infection. Sometimes dust, bacteria or any other harmful particles are inhaled together with air. The mucus layer at the surface of the respiratory surface traps any of these foreign particles. The foreign materials are moved upwards through the beating of cilia, or the lungs initiate a cough that causes the expulsion of the materials outside the body (Chiras 77). Apart from being significant for metabolism, gaseous exchange has a second significance. It is necessary for

Arbitration Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Arbitration Law - Essay Example With the rapid strides made by the world financial and business communities, it has become imperative for businesses to have a proven method of resolving business disputes promptly, expeditiously and constructively. When businesses grow and expand it is natural that disputes will arise. In wake of this, parties often favor a private and informal settlement of disputes, in a businesslike fashion that enable them to further their business interests without strangling their business relationship. It is for such occasions that arbitration is designed—for prompt, pragmatic and efficient resolution of disputes. Arbitration is essentially a process of dispute resolution inspired by ones free will where a neutral third party renders a final and binding decision after the concerned sides have presented their views. This method is particularly useful in international business transactions where parties are often unfamiliar with foreign legal systems. The parties may reside in a number o f different geographic locations, each subject to quite different laws and legal systems. Matters get much more complicated if their transactions involve activities in other jurisdictions, where they otherwise have no presence or familiarity. With stark deviations from a judicial procedure, arbitration is conducted outside the court system by disinterested arbitrators selected by the concerned parties based on the criteria that best suit the nature of the contract.

Speaker presentation response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Speaker presentation response paper - Essay Example It is a common behavior for people to follow their favorite teams through the help of social media services. I am sure that the speaker has clearly understood the need if modern ways to reach out to the consumers. I believe this is a very modern way of selling tickets because earlier consumers would give consideration to pay for the movies instead of going to the Friday basketball matches. Now with the help of social media networks including twitter, Facebook, Instagram, it is rather easier for the sellers to increase the interest of people in games. It is where the selling can also be done as modern ways of marketing has helped ways to complete sells in one go. The speaker has also discussed perceived values which have been made as the focus of selling tickets. It notes that the speaker stresses on the entertainment that a family can get by going at a basketball or football match. This has been compared with films where a family is bound to just stay silent and watch the film. Also, children under 18 years of age may not be entertained at the cinema. The speaker has highlighted these cons in order to enhance the perceived value of sports match. I also believe that this way of enhancing the perceived value is not incorrect. ... The speaker states that it is very important to tell the consumers about the added service that they would get along with their buy. Speaker in his case states that car parking is near to the matches allowing the consumers to have ease of entering and leaving on time. Considering myself as a person who is more likely to buy the tickets to matches, I would surely be interested to know if I have good access to car parking. I will also look upon the people who I could take with myself to the match. All these points are sure to affect positively any consumer. Thus, marketing of something which might not be one’s interest is possible by looking at the elements of consumer behavior closely and correctly. The presentation has weaved out a number of very important elements of consumer behavior which has made me interested in the products which are not bought easily. It is easier to understand that with the help of these minor elements, consumer’s can be affected by large. Also, the usage of social media as a way to reach out to the consumer is the prominent way of undertaking marketing because users of these sites at least connect or login 5 times minimum in a day (Lefebvre). This frequency is more likely to increase with the passage of time. Considering the researches and investigations that have been undertaken so far also confirm this practice. In fact it is recommended to these people to take a step forward to bring innovation in marketing through newer and exciting modern ways of changing consumer perception about the product. Marketing and advertising have also stressed on the significance of consumer behavior and perceived value that should be underlined with the product because this can bring wild increase in the sales

Critical Review Literature Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Critical - Literature review Example Thus there is no room for religion in the study and understanding of human behaviour and the natural science in today’s academic world and in particular in psychology. Nelson (2006) argues that these developments are unfortunate since, since science is not capable of explaining every human or worldly phenomenon. Science leaves a number of knowledge gaps that not only renders science as much a statement of ideas as religion does. Therefore religion has value in terms of understanding the natural world and human behaviour and thus is valuable to psychology (Nelson, 2006). Nelson’s (2006) argument that religion has value in terms of providing an understanding of the natural world and human behaviour is decidedly logical. Certainly, science is based on natural world realities, but it does not explain everything and thus leaves open the possibility of supernatural forces which can be explained by religion just as logically as any other untested or unverified scientific theor y. Summary Nelson (2006) argues that during the Middle Ages, there was an integration of science and religion in the formation of a â€Å"body of knowledge† (p. 205). ... Nelson (2006) starts out by defining integration as the combining of at least two disciplines for forming a consensus on the same issue. However, integrating religion and science has become increasingly difficult. The difficulties can be traced back to philosophical thinking prior to Socrates in which materialism influenced philosophical conceptualization of the world as a purely physical entity (Nelson, 2006). In other words, the world as a physical entity was only capable of explanation via physical evidence of facts and its nature. This is known as materialism (Nelson, 2006). The materialism approach is at odds with the naturalism approach which obviously accepts religion because naturalism holds that certain things about the world are natural facts and do not require physical proof. Naturalism also adheres to the concept that much of the world can be explained by reference to physical evidence (Nelson, 2006). It therefore follows that from the naturalist perspective, religion is relevant for explaining the supernatural while science is relevant for proven that which can be physically observed, tested and measured (Nelson, 2006). During the 1500s, Sir Francis Bacon, while supporting the value of religion, advocated for the separation of science and religion on that grounds that integration was an obstacle to learning (Nelson, 2006). By the 1800s, during the Enlightenment, positivism grew out of â€Å"anti-religious† agendas â€Å"shaped by centuries of state-church repression† and â€Å"the effects of religious wars and intolerance† (Nelson, 2006, p. 210). Science emerged as based on hard facts and physical proof of the existence of those facts. Psychologists such as Sigmund Freud were determined to establish

Speaker presentation response paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Speaker presentation response paper - Essay Example It is a common behavior for people to follow their favorite teams through the help of social media services. I am sure that the speaker has clearly understood the need if modern ways to reach out to the consumers. I believe this is a very modern way of selling tickets because earlier consumers would give consideration to pay for the movies instead of going to the Friday basketball matches. Now with the help of social media networks including twitter, Facebook, Instagram, it is rather easier for the sellers to increase the interest of people in games. It is where the selling can also be done as modern ways of marketing has helped ways to complete sells in one go. The speaker has also discussed perceived values which have been made as the focus of selling tickets. It notes that the speaker stresses on the entertainment that a family can get by going at a basketball or football match. This has been compared with films where a family is bound to just stay silent and watch the film. Also, children under 18 years of age may not be entertained at the cinema. The speaker has highlighted these cons in order to enhance the perceived value of sports match. I also believe that this way of enhancing the perceived value is not incorrect. ... The speaker states that it is very important to tell the consumers about the added service that they would get along with their buy. Speaker in his case states that car parking is near to the matches allowing the consumers to have ease of entering and leaving on time. Considering myself as a person who is more likely to buy the tickets to matches, I would surely be interested to know if I have good access to car parking. I will also look upon the people who I could take with myself to the match. All these points are sure to affect positively any consumer. Thus, marketing of something which might not be one’s interest is possible by looking at the elements of consumer behavior closely and correctly. The presentation has weaved out a number of very important elements of consumer behavior which has made me interested in the products which are not bought easily. It is easier to understand that with the help of these minor elements, consumer’s can be affected by large. Also, the usage of social media as a way to reach out to the consumer is the prominent way of undertaking marketing because users of these sites at least connect or login 5 times minimum in a day (Lefebvre). This frequency is more likely to increase with the passage of time. Considering the researches and investigations that have been undertaken so far also confirm this practice. In fact it is recommended to these people to take a step forward to bring innovation in marketing through newer and exciting modern ways of changing consumer perception about the product. Marketing and advertising have also stressed on the significance of consumer behavior and perceived value that should be underlined with the product because this can bring wild increase in the sales

Gay perspectives in Arab communities Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gay perspectives in Arab communities - Essay Example Gay perspectives in Arab communities This type of belief could lead a man to be uncomfortable with other men, because he is sexually attracted to men, which it is weird in Arab communities. The narrator Rickel in the story â€Å"pass† didn’t show directly that he is gay. He is unwilling to express it openly. A person has to think deeply to understand that the narrator is gay. A person can realize that the narrator is gay through phallic symbols and the situation in which he is trying to pass. The text reveals how the narrator was structured as a gay from his childhood; however he wants the audience to experience the difficulties he was trying to pass through the town he lived in, people that was the main affects, and challenging of hiding his homosexuality. There is an Arabic saying that from the black duck comes a white duck. This means that whatever was the color or the culture that a man is from, he can be just the opposite. For example, the narrator lives in a town called Tempe; it is a small town and all the people know each other. There is only one barbershop and one drug store. From their description, it is likely that the people in the city are close-minded, and they have their own culture and traditions. They don’t have tourists. The small community is like the black duck the somehow produces the strange, white duck, the narrator, he lived in a community where it was believed that no man would think of being gay, however, he did.

Special Educational Needs Essay Example for Free

Special Educational Needs Essay In this essay will discuss the term Special Educational Needs, understanding of segregation, integration and inclusion, the importance of Warnock Report, development in policy since 1981,and the Medical and Social modules. The term Special Educational Needs in child development has a meaning of children who needs extra support. Early in 1700s in Britain term Special Educational Needs did not exist and it did not need to exist as children with Special Educational Needs were looked from their families or church. After the radical change as result of Industrial Revolution in Britain by mid 1800s special institution were created for every human ill. Education on children with Special Educational Needs began through individuals and charities; the first school to be opened was for children with visual impairments in Edinburgh 1976 by Thomas Braidwood he was followed by the school for blind in Liverpool opened by Henry Dannett, this schools however were nothing what we have now but still they made a difference for children in needs as they had very little contact with outside the world. In 1870 Foster Act – Education for all allowed all the children with Special Educational Needs to enter the main stream schools and their difficulties were recognised. Many of these children were experiencing difficulties in making progress and as a result of the elementary classes contain large number of pupils, and they were taught by teachers with no specific special educational trainings. They came to the point that children with SEN were unfit to include in the main stream schools. According to ‘Gibson and Blandford (2005) significantly the report’s recommendations included the integration of pupils with SEN into mainstream education. However, the level of integration indicated in the report was limited form of education provision for pupils with SEN; limited in those pupils although physically located in a mainstream setting, would have to adapt in order to fit the location and culture of established forms of teaching and learning’. In 1893 James Kerr was a medical officer for the Bradford School Board; his role was to assess children’s mental process and identify children that are not suitable for ordinary schools. Special Educational Needs incurred a high cost than ordinary provision. So most of the children were isolated in ordinary schools or received no schooling. Children with visual impairments from the age of five in 1889 should be provided with education and for children with hearing impairments should be taught by specialist teacher and those teachers should get paid more than mainstream teachers. Also in 1889 the commission recommended that each school should have a medical officer. In 1994 Education Act said that every child should receive education within primary, secondary and further education based on pupils age and all the local education authorities should meet the needs of handicapped children. In 1945 service regulations established 11 categories for handicap children. Inclusion is education that means approaching to educate children with Special Educational Needs, under the Inclusion module children with Special Educational Needs have to spend their time with non-disabled children. Inclusion rejects the rights to put a child in need to a special school, inclusion is about mixing all the children together the one in need and the ones that they are not in need, to have the right to be educated in the same way and to meet everybody’s needs and abilities. Integration in Special Educational Needs means the rights of the children, and supporting those children by following the law, Education Act. While the Segregation has a meaning of separating children from each other, the ones that have a disability should be placed to special school and the ones that are in the term ‘normal’ should go to the mainstream schools, also segregation means the discriminations of children from the race, religion and types of disabilities. According to Education and Skills Under the 1944 Education Act, children with special educational needs were categorised by their disabilities defined in medical terms. Many children were considered to be uneducable pupils were labelled into categories such as maladjusted or educationally sub-normal and given special educational treatment in separate schools. According to the article wrote for the inclusion week has said: The 1981 Education Act This law brought in the first duty on LEAs to educate disabled children in mainstream schools, taking account of parents wishes and establishing three conditions that were to be met before it could happen. These conditions were: the disabled child can be educated in the ordinary school, other childrens education will not be adversely affected, and there is an efficient use of resources. By late 1960s and into early 1970s parents, disability groups began to subject the policy of segregated special schools; they argued that continued segregation could no longer be justified. Demands were increasingly made, not only from community but from those adults who experienced segregation provision. The Warnock report in arly 1970s said that educational professionals and parents had begun to put pressure to government to investigate the standards of national provision for children with needs, in 1973 Margaret Thatcher established a committee under the Warnock that educational provision should be reviewed in England, Scotland and Wales for children and young people with handicapped disability. The work was completed on 1978 and as it is final report 225 recommendations on the policy and organisation for children with additional needs. The Warnock report criticised the orthodoxy and segregation and argued that children should not be categorised and therefore children should have their own Special Educational Needs deficit and their needs should meet within mainstream schools. The report also shows that 20 per cent of children could experience a learning difficulty at some time. Finally in 1981 Education Act translated many of recommendation of the Warnock report and they were put into legislation. The term Special Educational Needs had a legal status and the term handicapped that was used since 1945 has finally ended. Furthermore the Act clearly articulated how children with Special Education Needs should be assessed and how the statement of SEN should be formulated. Finally children assessed with Special Educational Needs were possible to be educated alongside with their peers within the mainstream schools. Even after putting the law into consideration for children with Special Educational Needs to attend mainstream schools most of the settings had lack of money to implement the Act and they remained the existing system of segregation to the special school provision. In 1983 to 1991 the proportion of children being educated dropped by 12. 5 per cent and in some local education authorities the number of children that they were attending segregation provision was increased. The whole idea of the term Special Educational Needs was that children and young people to be educated, to attend mainstream school and to participate in activities same as normal children, but this outcomes did not follow, an national survey in United States has found that disabled people were less educated, also less likely to be employed, people with disability are marked as different. In 1997 the term Special Educational Needs has been replaced with Special Needs Education, this change in terminology distinguish the provision of Special Educational Needs. The idea of bringing to place the term Special Educational Needs was to categorise the disability of children and to include all of those who are in need to additional support. Under the 1994 Education Act children with Special Educational Needs were labelled by their disability, many of those children had no contact with the outside world and received no education whatsoever. The Warnock report 1978 followed by the Education Act 1981 changed the name of handicapped children to Special Educational Needs children and integrative which later was stated as inclusive which meant all the children to receive education, not depending on their needs or abilities. According to the web site, Douglas Silas Solicitors has been said: The Education Act 1944 originally established that childrens education should be based on their age, aptitude and ability. Eleven categories of handicap were described which included for example, educationally subnormal and delicate as well as blind. At that time, the general philosophy was that the child should fit the school rather than the school fit the child. 1974 saw the establishment of the Warnock Committee, leading to the publication of the Warnock Report 1978, which was named after Mary Warnock, the chair of the inquiry whose remit was to look at the needs of children with SEN. The Warnock Committees conclusions were that 20% of children in the school population could have SEN but 2% might need support over and above what a mainstream school could provide for. The Warnock Report recommended that there should be specialist provision for children with SEN which could protect the 2% and ensure that they received appropriate provision. The Warnock report was introduced under the Education Act 1981 but had no additional funding for the new process of getting the teachers trained. The Warnock report remained till 1990 but during this time many children were declined to receive special schools. The Green paper on 1997 was introduced to government to support children with Special Educational Needs also the UN statement. Government had looked again to the Special Educational Needs framework also SENDA 2001 and 2004 Special Educational Needs of the strategy for removing the barrier, Government had invest more money for Special Educational children from 2. 8 billion to 4. 1 billion in the last four years. The Warnock reports seem to be struggling to remain fit for the purpose of Special Educational Needs, there is a failure in the system to cope with raising the number of children with autism, emotional and social development. In 2005 Warnock had called the Government as emergency for reviewing the situation of Special Educational Needs particularly the concept of inclusive, while the Government had said that the policies do not need to be review they actually need to be changed from the ground. Ofsted and audit commissions known the issues of the reports therefor had said that Special Educational Need does not need to be reviewed. It has been four years already and Government has no answer for reviewing the policies and when prime minister has been interviewed he had said that there is a room for the policies to be improved and they are keeping Special Educational Needs under the review. Government still had not reviewed anything on Special Educational Needs policies but it has been said that they are looking into it in private. The review took place in 2010 from Government and it has been 30 years after actually took place. It has been said that Governments new policy has been softened on inclusion for sending the children with Special Educational Needs to the mainstream schools and for closing the special schools. Government vision for education of children with Special Educational Needs it provides clear national leadership. Early invention to make sure that each child who has learning difficulty to receive the need and help as soon as possible, also the parents of children with Special Education Needs to have access to childcare. Removing barriers of learning in every setting and making sure that inclusive practise is taking place in every school. Also by raising expectation and achievement by making sure that teacher are receiving the appropriate training for Special Educational Needs. Delivering improvements so then parents has a clear understanding of what to do for their children and where to get help for their children with Special Educational Needs. Overall in this essay I had a chance of understanding of the policies since 1981 also the Warnock report in more details, the integration, inclusion and segregation, Children with Special Educational Needs now are able to receive the same education as other children and are attending the mainstream schools. The meaning of term Special Educational Needs that in my point at the beginning of this course was completely different now I have an understanding that I think most of what I know I would not be able to put in words.

An Analysis of Grand Strategy :: essays research papers fc

An Analysis of Grand Strategy through the Lens of Neo-Security Complex Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde attempt to structure a fundamentally new approach to the study of security issues by attempting to incorporate traditional notions of security analysis into a broader understanding of international security that incorporates non-military threats. Their neo-security complex theory does provide substantive insight into how the process of securitizing issues occurs and how one can address non-military existential threats within a security studies framework; however, there are some substantive problems that require greater theoretical precision in order to prevent making the securitizing process they describe nothing more than a residual category. Ultimately, Buzan, Waever, and de Wilde need to incorporate both temporal elements as well as and probability into their approach in order to disaggregate existential threats. Without such modifications, the existential threat posed by an incoming nuclear or chemical warhead is equi valent to increased levels of radon in the home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to show the virtues, flaws, and possible improvements that would allow neo-security complex theory to become a more powerful analytic tool in security studies it is first necessary to briefly explicate the core elements of the approach and show how it diverges from the traditional understanding of security studies. Then one must show how its application would provide substantive insight into particular security practices found in the literature, such as grand strategy. After doing so, we must address substantive problems generated from the application of the theory and then show how various improvements would strengthen the neo-security project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The neo-security complex theory revolves around an attempt to expand the possibilities of what constitutes a security threat by conceptualizing it as meaning solely a threat to one’s physical existence. While recognizing that there are many threats and vulnerabilities that arise both within and outside military issues, Buzan, Waever, and de Wilde argue that including all such events would ultimately prove the traditionalists’ critique that expanding security beyond military issues inevitably leads to a lack of coherence. The way out of this conceptual morass is to distinguish between political issues and construct security as pertaining to â€Å"existential threats to a referent object by a securitizing actor who thereby generates endorsement of emergency measures beyond rules that would otherwise bind.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like neorealism, neo-security complex theory relies upon levels of analysis as a means to situate actors, issues that pose existential threats, and the interactions between them that constitute security. An Analysis of Grand Strategy :: essays research papers fc An Analysis of Grand Strategy through the Lens of Neo-Security Complex Theory   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Barry Buzan, Ole Waever, and Jaap de Wilde attempt to structure a fundamentally new approach to the study of security issues by attempting to incorporate traditional notions of security analysis into a broader understanding of international security that incorporates non-military threats. Their neo-security complex theory does provide substantive insight into how the process of securitizing issues occurs and how one can address non-military existential threats within a security studies framework; however, there are some substantive problems that require greater theoretical precision in order to prevent making the securitizing process they describe nothing more than a residual category. Ultimately, Buzan, Waever, and de Wilde need to incorporate both temporal elements as well as and probability into their approach in order to disaggregate existential threats. Without such modifications, the existential threat posed by an incoming nuclear or chemical warhead is equi valent to increased levels of radon in the home.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to show the virtues, flaws, and possible improvements that would allow neo-security complex theory to become a more powerful analytic tool in security studies it is first necessary to briefly explicate the core elements of the approach and show how it diverges from the traditional understanding of security studies. Then one must show how its application would provide substantive insight into particular security practices found in the literature, such as grand strategy. After doing so, we must address substantive problems generated from the application of the theory and then show how various improvements would strengthen the neo-security project.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The neo-security complex theory revolves around an attempt to expand the possibilities of what constitutes a security threat by conceptualizing it as meaning solely a threat to one’s physical existence. While recognizing that there are many threats and vulnerabilities that arise both within and outside military issues, Buzan, Waever, and de Wilde argue that including all such events would ultimately prove the traditionalists’ critique that expanding security beyond military issues inevitably leads to a lack of coherence. The way out of this conceptual morass is to distinguish between political issues and construct security as pertaining to â€Å"existential threats to a referent object by a securitizing actor who thereby generates endorsement of emergency measures beyond rules that would otherwise bind.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Like neorealism, neo-security complex theory relies upon levels of analysis as a means to situate actors, issues that pose existential threats, and the interactions between them that constitute security.

Frustration and Denial in Morrisons Sula Essay -- Sula Essays

Frustration and Denial in Morrison's Sula A book which is most celebrated for its tale about friendship is found to have a more important theme and role in literature. "In Search of Self: Frustration and Denial in Toni Morrison's Sula," the author Maria Nigro believes Sula has much more important themes in modern literature. "Sula celebrates many lives: It is the story of the friendship of two African American women; but most of all, it is the story of community" (1). And it's not just any community is the community of the Bottom. African Americans who are a working class community. Their main problem is surviving. They must work any job they can get so that they and their families can live a life with food and a roof under their head. These jobs and sacrifices shape each of their lives. Nigro claims this is the most important theme in Sula because working-class people have been left out of modern literature. "literature has been created for the cultural elite, and the rest of us have come to consider literature as a reflection of an elitist lifestyle to which the ordinary person cannot hope to relate" (1). Sula proves to fit this hole missing in the literature world. A community that seems to have all the cards stacked against them. Being black during this era, 1915-1965, means fighting for survival. It means scrimping to get by, doing menial jobs, doing all they can to get by. Nigro continues on describing the women of Sula. The struggles of Eva after Boy-Boy leaves, unable to get a decent paying job because she was a black woman. Finding herself sacrificing her leg for the love of her children. How Eva shaped the lives of her ... ...introduction I believed Nigro thought the novel was important because it gave every working-class person a representation in today's literature. But by the end it's clear she meant it gave the African-American working-class person, if not the whole race a representation in today's literature. Even though each group, African-American's and the working-class community, are missing from today's literature; I think Nigro could have made her purpose or thoughts a little more clear. This article gave me a wider prospective on the whole theme of Sula. And since I have chosen to write about the women in Sula and their struggles to survive I found the article very useful in narrowing down my argument. And even though her thesis might have not matched her entire article, Nigro definitely understood Sula, the women, and the many themes of the novel.

External Environment

Chapter 4 The External Environment The Environmental Domain Organization Environment is composed of all elements that exist outside the boundary of the organization that have the potential to affect all or part of the organization. Its domain is the chosen field of action. The environment comprises several sectors or subdivisions of the environment that contain similar elements (ie. industry, raw materials, human resources, market, technology, financial resources, economic conditions, government, sociocultural, and international. Task Environment – includes sectors with which the organization interacts directly and that have a direct impact on the organization’s ability to achieve its goals. oIndustry, raw materials, market sector and hr and international sectors †¢General Environment – includes sectors that might not have a direct impact on the daily operation of a firm but will directly influence it. oGovernment, sociocultural, economic conditions, technol ogy, and financial resources sectors †¢International Context oDomestic sectors can be affected by international events Environmental UncertaintyResponding to the need for information. 2 Ways the environment influences organizations: (1) the need for information about the environment and (2) the need for resources from the environment. Uncertainty applies to sectors that the organization deals with on a regular basis, the task environment, and this must be analyzed along dimensions of stability and degree of uncertainty. †¢Simple Complex Dimension concerns environmental complexity, the heterogeneity, or the number and dissimilarity of external elements relevant to an organization’s operations. ^ in external factors and ^ in # of organizations in that domain = ^ complexity †¢Stable-Unstable Dimension refers to whether elements in the environment are dynamic oIf an environmental element remains the same over a period of months/ years = ^ stability FRAMEWORK FOR AS SESSING ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY Environmental Complexity SimpleComplex Environmental ChangeStableLow Uncertainty Low number of external factors Low change Low-Moderate Uncertainty High number of external factors Low change UnstableHigh-Moderate Uncertainty Low number of external factors High changeHigh UncertaintyHigh number of external factors High change Adapting to Environmental Uncertainty Positions and Departments †¢An ^ in complexity and uncertainty in the external environment = ^ in # of positions and departments in the firm, which in turn ^ internal complexity Buffering and Boundary Spanning †¢The purpose of buffering roles is to absorb uncertainty from the environment. Buffer departments (hr, purchasing, finance, legal) surround the technical core (primary org. function) and exchange resources and information between the organization and the external environment. Some firms rid the organization of buffers and expose the technical core to the uncertain environmen t opening up the organization and making it more fluid and adaptable. †¢Boundary-spanning roles link and coordinate an organization with key elements in the external environment. Primarily concerned with exchange of information to: oDetect and bring in to the organization information about changes in the environment, and oSend information into the environment that presents the organization in a favourable light. †¢Business intelligence and competitive intelligence is necessary to analyze large amounts of data and find patterns.Differentiation and Integration †¢Organizational differentiation is â€Å"the differences in cognitive and emotional orientations among managers in different functional departments, and the difference in formal structure among these departments. † †¢When the external environment is complex and unstable, organizational departments become highly specialized to handle the uncertainty in the external sector. †¢High differentiation = difficult to coordinate between departments, so integrators become essential additions. †¢Uncertain environments = high level of differentiation and integration Organic vs. Mechanistic Management Processes Mechanistic Organizational System: ^ stability = ^ Formal structure and control imposed on employees †¢Organic Organizational System: v stability = v Formal structure and control imposed on employees oRules were loosened, free-flowing, adaptive, and decentralized MechanisticOrganic 1. Tasks are broken down in specialized, separate parts 2. Tasks are rigidly defined 3. Strict hierarchy of authority, control, and rules 4. Highly centralized at top of organization 5. Communication is vertical1. Employees contribute to common tasks of the dept. 2. Tasks are redefined through employee teamwork 3. Less hierarchy of authority, control, and rules . Decentralized 5. Communication is horizontal Planning, Forecasting, and Responsiveness †¢Planning and environmental forecastin g becomes necessary in uncertain environments contributing to the organization’s ability to quickly respond to sudden changes in the environment. Contingency Framework for Organizational Responses to Uncertainty CONTINGENCY FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL UNCERTAINTY & ORGANIZATIONAL RESPONSES Environmental Complexity SimpleComplex Environmental ChangeStableLow Uncertainty Few departments No boundary spanning Non integrating roles Current operations orientation, low-speed responseMechanistic structure: formal, centralizedLow-Moderate Uncertainty Many departments Some boundary spanning Few integrating roles Some planning, moderate-speed response Mechanistic structure: formal, centralized UnstableHigh-Moderate Uncertainty Few departments Much boundary spanning Few integrating roles Planning orientation, high-speed response Organic structure: teamwork, participative, decentralizedHigh Uncertainty Many departments Extensive boundary spanning Many integrating roles Extensive planning orientation, high-speed response Organic structure: teamwork, participative, decentralizedResource Dependence Resource Dependence means that organizations depend on the environment but strive to acquire control over resources to minimize their dependence; vulnerability comes from dependence and negative effects on performance can follow with too much dependence on other organizations. †¢Interorganizational relationships present a trade-off between resources and autonomy Controlling Environmental Resources Responding to the need for resources. Two strategies are adopted to manage resources in the external environment: 1. Establish favourable linkages with key elements in the environment 2.Shape the environmental domain Establishing Interorganizational Linkages †¢Ownership – companies/ use ownership to establish linkages when they buy a part of or a controlling interest in another company giving the company access to technology, products, or other resources it doesnâ €™t currently have access to (ie. acquisitions and mergers) †¢Formal Strategic Alliances – when there is a high level of complementarity between the business lines, geographical positions, or skills of two companies, the firms often form a strategic alliance (ie. contracts, joint ventures) †¢Cooptation, Interlocking Directorates Cooptation occurs when leaders from important sectors in the environment are made part of an organization (ie. board of directors) oInterlocking Directorates is a formal linkage that occurs when a member of the board of directors of one company sits on the board of directors of another company. †¢Executive Recruitment – transferring or exchanging executives to establish favourable linkages †¢Advertising and Public Relations Changing or Controlling the Environmental Domain †¢Change of Domain – organizations can change the domains it is in, in each of the 10 domains specified (ie. t can choose which market its in, what relationships to hold, suppliers, and locations, etc. ) †¢Political Activity, Regulation – political strategy can be used to erect regulatory barriers against new competitors or to squash unfavourable legislations †¢Trade Associations – when work to influence the external environment is accomplished jointly with other organizations that have similar interests †¢Illegitimate Activities – when excessive downward pressure leads managers to adopt unfavourable techniques to reach an ends. Organization-Environment Integrative Framework

Plc, Bcg Matrix, Product, Services Etc of Mahindra Scorpio

Customer Needs , Wants & Demands Needs are the basic human requirements. People need air, water, food, clothing and shelter to survive. People also have strong needs for recreation, education and entertainment. These needs become Wants when they are directed to specific objects that might satisfy the need. Wants are shaped by our society. Demands are wants for specific products backed by an ability to pay. Needs are of five types – ?Stated needs ?Real needs ?Unstated needs ?Delight needs ?Secret needs The SUV, â€Å"Mahindra Scorpio† comes under Real needs.Real need is a need where a customer wants a 4 wheeler whose operating cost , its initial price is low. A customer opts for a Mahindra Scorpio because †¢It has a combination of pulling capacity. †¢It is a safer vehicle because of its larger and heavier built and some people like a vehicle with broader seat arrangement with proper thy support. †¢It has a very good cargo capacity. †¢It's an All Terra in Vehicle made for rocky roads and smooth glass like roads for a comfortable journey. †¢It has very powerful CRDE Engine with a higher torque full on capacity to drag itself with ease when the throttle is fully pressed.SWOT Analysis of Mahindra Scorpio SWOT analysis stands for Strengths ,Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats . It’s a way of monitoring the external and internal marketing environment. The analysis is as follows- Strengths Analysis :- oIt has a very low maintenance cost with a gracefully tough masculine look . oIt has an extremely smooth performance in the rural, hilly, city and highway roads. oHas a well designed seating arrangement. oExcellent performance in case of covering long distance. oA very well impressed loyal brand positioning with good numbers of service centers.Weakness Analysis:- oIt has a very limited International market. oThere are no airbags for protection Opportunities Analysis:- oHard work of the R department to innovate some new attrac tive featured models. oIncreasing the purchasing power and attraction towards heavy cars of common people. oMaking the models more fuel efficient models and try to introduce CNG models. Threat Analysis:- oIncreasing competition with global players. oIncreasing fuel prices. Porter's Generic Strategy Of Mahindra ScorpioFive forces model of Porter's generic strategy of Mahindra Scorpio is as follows – Threat From Buyers – Mahindra Scorpio is a low and favorable SUV available in the market as in comparison with other car manufacturing companies. Threat From Suppliers – Mahindra is in collaboration with some leading foreign car parts company for delivery of the car parts. Threat From Competitors – There are competitors of Mahindra Scorpio in the market but no one has a SUV at this price range of Mahindra. Threat From New Entrants – There is a threat from the new entrants as Government has approved FDI , so foreign players may come .Threat From Substitut es – The main substitute of Mahindra Scorpio are the low range luxury cars. BCG Matrix in terms of Mahindra Scorpio Here in the BCG matrix the product which has a low market growth rate with low market share showed as Dog , the product which has a low market growth rate with high market share showed as Cash Cow , the product which has a high market growth rate with low market share showed as Question Mark , the product which has a high market growth rate with high market share showed as Dog . The Mahindra Scorpio comes under Star. The Value Delivery Chain In Respect of Mahindra ScorpioA value chain is a chain of activities. Products pass through all the activities of the chain in order and at each activity the product gains some value . As the picture shows above first the firm infrastructure is developed. Mahindra and Mahindra was already a giant automobile house when they launched Scorpio. Mahindra Scorpio is being developed at its Nashik plant. The primary value chain acti vities which are used in Mahindra Scorpio are: Inbound Logistics i. e the receiving and warehousing of raw materials and their distribution to manufacturing. Mahindra’s inputs primarily comprise raw materials and purchased components.Now it's time for assembling the raw material which is called as Operations , makes a car complete. In the next section that is in Outbound Logistics section the car is delivered to the various dealers located across India as their requirement. Now comes the most important part Marketing and Sales portion for which Mahindra has a qualified team and at last it's time for the after sales services. In maximum urban areas of India Mahindra has a service center. Customer Value & Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is the perception of the customer which comes after using the product .When the customer uses the product he compares between the products actual performance and the assurance provided by the company during the purchase. In case of Mahindra S corpio, they give the actual stated features and specifications to the customers along with a very good after sales service. It makes people delightful and influensive to purchase Scorpio. Marketing Plan Of Mahindra Scorpio Mahindra being a Indian company always kept in mind the price along with fuel efficiency . Now they targeted the urban areas along with hilly roads and promoted for that with the help of the brand name Mahindra.The distribution network of Mahindra was too much strong with distributors available across India and service centers followed by it. The car first launched in the metro cities and then entered in the smaller cities as per the awareness and promotion goes on. The Marketing Environmment Of Mahindra Scorpio Marketing environment consists of the two parts one is internal environment and another is external environment. Micro Environment :- The micro environment consists of the attributes such as – †¢The company that includes all the departments, à ¢â‚¬ ¢ Suppliers, Marketing intermediaries, †¢Customer markets, †¢Competitors †¢Publics Macro Environment:- The Macro environment consistes of †¢Demographic, †¢Cultural forces, †¢Economics, †¢Natural, †¢Technological, †¢Political, The micro environment is the environment which is related to the company's internal matters as the company. Here if we check Mahindra Scorpio we can see that it has strong company profile along with that a well design supply chain and suppliers from all around . Along with this company profile the mahindra still has its compititors in the market such as Toyota , Honda who also has SUV.And now the attribute is Publics or the customers who actually buy the car and uses it. The Macro environment is the external environment . Here we can see that the Demographic stands for the classification in terms of age and income . The Scorpio is mainly used by middle aged persons with a higher income than middle income group. Now the cultural forces which actually not affects Scorpio. Scorpio overcame the Natural obstacles and launched a product which is as preffered as on the hilly roads also preffered in the noraml highways for a long drive. Market ResearchMarket research often refers to either primary or secondary research. Secondary research involves a company using information compiled from various sources, which is about a new or existing product. Primary market research involves qualitative research as well as field tests or observations conducted for or tailored specifically to that product. Primary research, which is also called field research or original research, is useful for findings new information and getting customer’s views on products. now as we defined in earlier we did it in terms of Scorpio .Having defined the competitive framework, the next task undertaken was that of analyzing the consumer. Consumer segments of B and C category car buyers were analyzed in terms of their expe ctations from a car, their perceptions about cars and their relationship. Proprietary techniques of research, of the advertising agency Interface Communication, like Mind &Mood, ICON and VIP were used to understand this consumer. Segmentation , Targeting & positioning Segmentation :-A market segment consists of a group of customers who share a similar set of needs and wants.There are four different dimensions used to describe a product’s market segmentation. These four things are ? Demographic ?Behavioral ?Psychographic ?Geographic The Demographic segmentation includes ?Adults ?Male & Female ?Mostly middle aged people ?Mostly higher income group Behavioral segmentation is the most powerful approach because it uses ? Actual consumer behavior ?Product usage to make distinctions among market segments. Behavioral segmentation consists of some decision role attributes like Initiator ,Influencer, Decider, Buyer & User . Initiator buys it in his own decision.Influencer influences pe ople to buy the product such as a person using Mahindra Scorpio will influence other people to their near and dear ones to buy it. The decider here could be someone who is the head of the family and decides for his family to buy it. Behavioral Variable consists of Occasions , Benefits , User Status , Usage Rate , Buyer – Readiness , Loyalty Status , Attitude . Mahindra Scorpio is a car which can be used in all the occasions from family programs to daily life. A user uses it very frequently. In Geographic Segmentation we can say that it is good on the hilly roads as well as on the highways for a long drive.For the Psychographic segmentation the higher class is commonly purchased among people who have a family, since it’s a SUV. Reasons for its use are ? Safety ?By being a SUV it gives you a certain status among society. By being a SUV it gives you a certain status among society. Targeting M&M strategized to target a wider target audience, beyond UV customers – C class and B class, but would cut across rural and urban customers. It wanted to avoid the taxi trap that Indica and Qualis had fallen to it and did not offer color of white. Targeting was for those who wanted a lifestyle product that assured style, performance and ruggedness.The ruggedness appeal came from the parent brand itself. Class was more of the growing upper middle class. Positioning M&M built an innovative positioning around the theme of an SUV with a `car plus' package. The positioning communicated that the vehicle was better than competition in terms of any of these cars and is a better buy in terms of money. The commercials intentionally used foreign models to give an international look and feel to the product, there was a deliberate emphasis on the aspirational and world-class orientation of the Scorpio.It adopted a bold â€Å"car plus’ approach that because it was a totally new frame of reference that was being created. The primary focus was on the lifestyle â €“ a carefree, successful and bold attitude depicted by cruising on international highways. Mahindra purposely wanted to break way from its brand of ruggedness. The ‘nothing else will do’ was another play on the excellence that was attempting to be pushed. Advertising was strongly reinforced with below the line marketing – sponsoring events and strong test drive marketing.

Hispanic Groups Living in US Essay

It is very common for someone walking down the streets of any American city and hears Spanish spoken. The federal government of America coined this term ‘Hispanic’ way back in 1970’s to refer people tracing their origin in Spanish speaking countries which were former Spanish colonies or those who can trace their origin to Spain or its territory. This represents a varied range of countries and ethnic groups with different social, political and emotional experiences. A large part of Hispanics still try to characterize themselves in terms of their individual ethnic identity as Mexican, Cuban, and others rather the whole term ‘Hispanic’. Hispanic Americans, n. d. ) The wide range of the Hispanic group includes Mexican Americans, Puerto Ricans, Cubans, El Salvadorians, Guatemalans, Nicaraguans, Columbians, Central and South Americans among others. The Puerto Ricans, Mexicans and Cubans form the largest part of the Hispanics living in America. (Tienda and Mitchell, 2006) America’s cultural canvas is very vivid as each group brought their respective culture’s specialty with them which has totally mingled in the main force. The Hispanic community has left their mark over traditions, customs and cultures throughout the country and the bilingual education structure of America displays the growing importance in the country as they are the largest minority community. It has been noticed that people from the Hispanic groups have done well in various fields and their progress is something to be watched. The 2002 census showed the Mexicans forming the largest part of the population with 66. 9%, followed by Central and Latin Americans at 14. 3%, third position held by Puerto Ricans, others 6. % and last Cubans at 3. 7%. (The Hispanic Population, 2002) Majority of the Hispanics are native born neutralizes citizens or have acquired legal residency status. They are largely concentrated in the west part of the country especially the urban areas of Arizona, California, Colorado, Florida, Illinois, New Mexico, New York, and Texas. There is a tendency among them to live in family units which are generally large in size unlike the non-Hispanic Whites. In comparison to Whites communities, the rate of unemployment and poverty is much more in the Hispanic groups. Mexican Americans are the one to form the largest part of the Hispanic population living in America and they are also the largest group of White Hispanics. The Mexican immigration could be traced in the past decades as they started establishing themselves in the 1600s in southwestern parts of the country who later became New Mexico, Arizona, California, Colorado and Texas. (Stacy, 2002) The work at railroads and steel industry of the Midwest America attracted them in the 1800s and this immigration is still continued to the present time. Today majority of Mexican Americans are U. S. born citizens. The major causes behind the migration of Mexicans to America are self-liberty, quality education, modes to improve economic condition and achieve good living standard. Spanish is the main language for Mexican Americans, some of them are monolingual. But most can fluently speak both English and Spanish. The attitude of the Mexican Americans is something to be watched as more than 90% of them are literate. Their respect towards others is also acclaimed as their communications are respectful in manner. They are one of the strict believers in the concept of familism (Nash, 2007) and value family considerations over individual as well very much rely on family in times of crisis. Patriarchy is the trend of Mexican American family. Earlier, they used to neglect family planning but at present time they have been active in that. Largely they are the followers of Roman Catholicism. They look at churches as powerful source of hope, faith and strength while spirituality and religion play significant role in times of illness, health and life. Their housing conditions are really bad as they live in colonies not appropriate for living to low-income. Central and South Americans stand second in the American Hispanic population. They owe their origin to different countries such as Guatemala, Venezuela, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Panama, and Argentina among others. These groups of people display a vast diversity due to their different origins. Most of them migrated from their respective countries in the period of 1970s and 1980s when the region was going through political turbulence. Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala were suffering from civil wars that made their people to flee in search of stable life. In the present time too, the immigration is on due to different causes. Although many of them arrived in U. S. as refuges, gradually they acquired political asylum from the state. Cheap accommodation and easy immigrant services made most of the Central and South Americans settle in California. They speak other languages rather than Spanish, which is a main language, such as French and Portuguese. Though Catholicism is the main religion, Protestants and Jews as well as other beliefs are followed by this group. They have high religious values. Males are treated as the head of the family. Due to intermarriage among this group and other Hispanics or Europeans, they have become much diversified. The education level of Central and South Americans is much appreciable than other Hispanics but still they lack behind in employment tin respects of other groups. Third largest group belonging to Hispanic community are the Puerto Ricans as they became U. S. citizens after Jones Act of 1917. (Stacy, 2002) But they are not allowed to vote in U. S. Presidential elections. They are mainly settled in industrial areas such as the states of Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, and New York due to the availability of employment opportunity. Wherever they settled, they tried to hold on their tradition and culture and formed various groups and organizations to support them. Puerto Rican Americans pay huge respect to education but still they maintain a low level than other Hispanics which makes parents encourage their children to pursue good education for better future. They are bilingual speaking both Spanish and English. The expressive nature of Puerto Ricans and their hospitality is well known. They possess high respect for women, parents and elderly people and family units that they even allow more than one family living together. Puerto Ricans are followers of Catholicism and seek support from religion and spiritualism in tough situations. Their approach to health and illness is based on these beliefs. Cubans too comprise a significant part of the Hispanic community. Cuban immigration to America can be traced back to history but the major wave was created during the political turmoil of 1959 which still continues today. They have their bases at Miami, Florida and New Jersey. They can be considered as the most affluent among all the Hispanic groups due to their well performance in education, which led to better employment opportunities and a good quality lifestyle. Till recent past they faced problem in speaking English, but nowadays they have overcome that. The Cuban Americans are very much into their culture that they most often do not show much interest in the Anglo culture. They hold a rather conservative outlook towards politics due to their experience in their native country. They possess diverse beliefs of religion; still Catholicism is more prevalent among them. They stand against communism holds much important place in U. S. The Hispanic groups in spite of their various origins share some commonalities as well some major differences among them. Spanish is a bond that binds all of them, while most of them are bilingual. Approach towards education is another common factor between them as all the groups show very much respect to education as they know it is the only key to good living. Religion too makes them stand on a common platform as most of the Hispanic Americans are followers of Catholicism. Political perspective is one thing that creates differences among these groups as each of them has their respective political idea. Cuban Americans support Republicans as they are inclined towards conservative idea of politics whereas Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, and Central and South Americans have a liking for democrats. Still, Catholic faith, language and belief in their respective culture make them stand on a single platform.